Parastou Shahsamandi

In today’s interconnected global economy, businesses face increasing pressure not only to deliver financial returns but also to demonstrate their environmental stewardship, social responsibility, and robust governance. Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) frameworks have evolved into essential criteria by which investors, customers, regulators, and other stakeholders evaluate corporate performance and long-term viability. Unlike traditional Corporate...

The accelerating climate crisis underscores the urgent need for businesses to take responsibility for their carbon emissions. Rising global temperatures, driven primarily by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O), are causing devastating consequences, extreme weather events, rising sea levels, ecosystem collapse, and threats to food and water security. The...

Anthropogenic GHG Emissions: Definition and ContextAnthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are those stemming directly or indirectly from human activities; chiefly the extraction and combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), industrial processes (cement production, chemical manufacturing), agricultural practices (rice paddies, livestock enteric fermentation), land-use change (deforestation, soil disturbance), and waste management. When fossil carbon...

The natural volumetric composition of Earth’s atmosphere is predominantly nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), and other “trace” gases in small concentrations. Two of these trace gases, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) have the property of absorbing and retaining radiant energy coming from the sun, as well as heat from earth. This characteristic causes energy to...